# Animal Welfare Index > An annotated library of writing, research, and data on the welfare of sentient animals. - [A Belmont Report for Animals?](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/belmont-report-for-animals/F4518E13F2FE89A7719C5082A7FB44F8): Ferdowsian and colleagues ask how the principles governing human research—autonomy, beneficence, justice, and protection of vulnerable subjects—should apply to other animals. They examine consent and dissent, harms and benefits, and the limits of replacement, reduction, and refinement as an ethical framework. Tags: Animal research, Ethics, Speciesism - [Erratum: article classification](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/B51509A63BD8A91017A28BC752F8D087) - [Andy Masley](https://blog.andymasley.com/): A philosophy blog by Andy Masley covering ethics, animal welfare, quantitative reasoning, and cause prioritization. Tags: Ethics, Suffering, Scale and statistics - [An intro to animal ethics](https://blog.andymasley.com/p/animal-ethics) - [Animal suffering isn't pretend](https://blog.andymasley.com/p/animal-suffering-isnt-pretend) - [Animal Ask — Welfare measurement and fish economics](https://www.animalask.org/post/measuring-animal-welfare): George Bridgwater's report compares theories of well-being, the validity of welfare indicators, and methods for combining them into overall assessments. A related review by Ren Ryba examines European fish-farming economics and the evidence on the costs of welfare improvements. Tags: Welfare measurement, Ethics, Aquatic animals, Economics - [Measuring Animal Welfare: full report (PDF)](https://c2b5df1e-0ba2-4201-9fb6-87e92e6ad2c0.usrfiles.com/ugd/c2b5df_1e46550329c54904ba30be150a43a48f.pdf) - [The economics of fish farming and fish welfare in Europe](https://www.animalask.org/post/the-economics-of-fish-farming-and-fish-welfare-in-europe) - [Animal Charity Evaluators — Research Database](https://research-database.animalcharityevaluators.org/): A searchable collection of studies, reviews, reports, and theoretical work relevant to farmed and wild animal advocacy. ACE reviews sources for relevance, not to endorse their findings. Entries link to the original research, with abstracts where available; some full texts are paywalled. This replaces ACE's older Research Library. Tags: Farmed animals, Wild animals, Ethics - [Scope, inclusion process, and limitations](https://research-database.animalcharityevaluators.org/about) - [Animal Consciousness](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/): A scholar-maintained introduction to animal consciousness. It explains the concepts, history, evidence, methodological disputes, and ethical stakes, then points into an extensive scientific and philosophical bibliography. Tags: Sentience, Ethics - [Evidence concerning animal consciousness](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/evidence.html) - [The moral status of animals](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/) - [Related review: Searching for Animal Sentience — abstracts from 1990–2012 (CC BY 3.0)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4494450/) - [Animal Data Project — Animals](https://animaldataproject.org/topics/animals/): Research summaries, datasets, and legal documents on animal welfare and human-animal relationships. Summaries describe study findings, methods, funding, and limitations; topics include transport, housing, health, and the treatment of farmed and wild animals. Tags: Farmed animals, Wild animals, Welfare measurement - [Animals in Transport](https://animaldataproject.org/animals-are-transported-throughout-the-world/) - [Animal Ethics](https://www.animal-ethics.org/): A multilingual library on speciesism, sentience, wild-animal suffering, harms to animals, and the ways future technologies may affect sentient beings. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism, Wild animals, Sentience - [Wild animal suffering section](https://www.animal-ethics.org/wild-animal-suffering-section/) - [Ethics animals section](https://www.animal-ethics.org/ethics-animals-section/) - [Why we should consider sentient beings rather than ecosystems](https://www.animal-ethics.org/why-we-should-consider-sentient-beings-rather-than-ecosystems/) - [Sintiencia animal (Español)](https://www.animal-ethics.org/sintiencia-animal/) - [Senciência animal (Português)](https://www.animal-ethics.org/senciencia-animal/) - [Animal Legal & Historical Center](https://www.animallaw.info/): A deep legal reference database with species- and issue-specific collections. Tags: Law, Companion animals, Farmed animals - [Animal Sentience](https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/animsent/): An interdisciplinary journal on what nonhuman animals feel, with research articles and invited commentaries on consciousness, pain, emotion, and their ethical implications. Tags: Sentience, Suffering, Ethics - [Animal Studies Journal](https://www.uowoajournals.org/asj/): An interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed journal on human-animal relationships, with work on animal ethics, captivity, food, and the treatment of animals in culture and society. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism, Farmed animals - [Animal Welfare](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare): Peer-reviewed welfare science with broad species coverage. Tags: Welfare measurement, Suffering, Positive welfare - [What do we owe feral animals?](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-welfare/article/what-do-we-owe-feral-animals/DD49DAAA0F565C1D3633C3AC2A9F6E62) - [Animal Welfare at Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/animal-welfare): Our World in Data gathers writing, charts, and downloadable data on slaughter, factory farming, housing systems, aquatic animals, pain, and public attitudes. Tags: Scale and statistics, Farmed animals, Aquatic animals - [How many animals are slaughtered every day?](https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-animals-get-slaughtered-every-day) - [How many animals are factory-farmed?](https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-animals-are-factory-farmed) - [Animal Welfare Observatory](https://animalwelfareobservatory.org/nuestro-trabajo/bienestar-acuicultura/): Research and reporting on stocking density, disease, behavior, transport, stunning, and slaughter in fish and shrimp farming. Tags: Aquatic animals, Farmed animals, Law - [Shrimp welfare](https://animalwelfareobservatory.org/nuestro-trabajo/bienestar-langostinos/) - [Animals — Alice Crary](https://www.politicalconcepts.org/animals-alice-crary/): Crary argues that understanding animals morally requires more than comparing abstract capacities, and examines the institutions that make harms to animals difficult to see. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism - [The Animal Crisis Is a Human Crisis](https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-animal-crisis-is-a-human-crisis/) - [Aquatic Life Institute](https://www.ali.fish/resource-library): Cross-species aquatic-welfare work covering standards, policy, and industry systems. Tags: Aquatic animals, Farmed animals, Law - [AVMA Animal Welfare](https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-welfare): Veterinary guidelines and policy on welfare, humane endings, and the care of companion and other animals. Tags: Companion animals, Suffering - [Bentham's Newsletter](https://benthams.substack.com/): Essays by Bentham's Bulldog on factory farming, insect and shrimp welfare, wild-animal suffering, and arguments for taking animal interests seriously. Tags: Ethics, Wild animals, Invertebrates, Farmed animals - [The core benthams bulldog reader](https://benthams.substack.com/p/the-core-benthams-bulldog-reader) - [The bone chilling evil of factory](https://benthams.substack.com/p/the-bone-chilling-evil-of-factory) - [Insect suffering is the biggest issue](https://benthams.substack.com/p/insect-suffering-is-the-biggest-issue) - [Most animals have bad lives](https://benthams.substack.com/p/most-animals-have-bad-lives) - [Better Life, Better World](https://mattball.substack.com/): Matt Ball writes about pragmatic animal advocacy, veganism, practical ethics, and lessons from the movement's history. Tags: Ethics, Farmed animals - [Are You Actually Helping Animals?](https://mattball.substack.com/p/how-to-not-kill-animals) - [Between the Species](https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/): A peer-reviewed philosophy journal on human relationships with other animals, including moral status, animal rights, and the ethics of eating and using animals. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism - [Bold Reasoning with Peter Singer](https://boldreasoningwithpetersinger.substack.com/): Peter Singer writes about animal ethics, bioethics, effective altruism, and other questions in applied ethics. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism, Farmed animals - [When veterinarians fail animals](https://boldreasoningwithpetersinger.substack.com/p/when-veterinarians-fail-animals) - [To shrimp or not to shrimp?](https://boldreasoningwithpetersinger.substack.com/p/debate-to-shrimp-or-not-to-shrimp) - [Animal-Friendly AI NOW!](https://boldreasoningwithpetersinger.substack.com/p/animal-friendly-ai-now) - [Center for Reducing Suffering](https://centerforreducingsuffering.org/): Research on reducing severe suffering among present and future sentient beings, including work on ethics, moral uncertainty, wild animals, and emerging technologies. Tags: Ethics, Suffering, Wild animals, Future welfare - [Blog](https://centerforreducingsuffering.org/blog/) - [Five questions about wild animal suffering](https://centerforreducingsuffering.org/five-questions-about-wild-animal-suffering/) - [Coefficient Giving — Farm Animal Welfare](https://coefficientgiving.org/funds/farm-animal-welfare/): Grant rationales and strategy documents explain the evidence, assumptions, and uncertainties behind farmed-animal welfare funding decisions. Tags: Farmed animals, Economics - [A case study on corporate campaigns for farm animal welfare](https://coefficientgiving.org/research/a-case-study-on-corporate-campaigns-for-farm-animal-welfare/) - [Urban Institute full report (PDF)](https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/Case-study-on-the-farm-animal-welfare-movements-corporate-campaigns-final-1.pdf) - [Conservation vs. Wild-Animal Suffering: how can population dynamics help?](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.10.511528v1): Protecting species and improving individual wild animals' lives can pull in different directions. This exploratory preprint uses population-dynamics models to examine when those goals conflict or coincide. It uses death rates as a proxy for suffering, leaving out nonfatal harms; the authors caution that the models do not yet justify interventions. Tags: Wild animals, Suffering, Welfare measurement - [Full-text PDF](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/10/11/2022.10.10.511528.full.pdf) - [Crustacean Compassion](https://www.crustaceancompassion.org/research-and-publications): Evidence and policy material on lobsters, crabs, prawns, and other decapod crustaceans. Tags: Invertebrates, Aquatic animals, Sentience, Law - [Sea to Plate welfare report](https://www.crustaceancompassion.org/sea-to-plate-welfare-report) - [Disaggregating animal welfare risks in aquaculture](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn8782): Chiawen Chiang and Becca Franks compare seven species-level welfare risk factors across aquaculture, including migration, solitary living, and complex parental care. They relate these risks to production volumes, prices, and numbers of animals, examining whether lower-risk species could also support affordable food production. Tags: Aquatic animals, Farmed animals, Welfare measurement, Economics - [EA Forum — Animal welfare](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/topics/animal-welfare): A topic page collecting community research and debate on animal-welfare priorities, interventions, strategy, and uncertainty. Tags: Ethics, Economics, Welfare measurement - [Animal welfare has an evidence problem](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/svjqgyFuFQ34qSgmw/animal-welfare-has-an-evidence-problem) - [Is Rethink Priorities' Moral Weights Project too animal-friendly?](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/E9NnR9cJMM7m5G2r4/is-rp-s-moral-weights-project-too-animal-friendly-four) - [Modelling the outcomes of animal welfare interventions](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/fYNwTtdqzWttx6uvL/modelling-the-outcomes-of-animal-welfare-interventions-one) - [Weighing animal worth](https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/H6hxTrgFpb3mzMPfz/weighing-animal-worth) - [Essays on Reducing Suffering](https://reducing-suffering.org/): Brian Tomasik's long-running essays on suffering-focused ethics, wild-animal suffering, insects, animal agriculture, and the moral weight of different minds. Tags: Suffering, Wild animals, Invertebrates, Ethics - [How Many Wild Animals Are There?](https://reducing-suffering.org/how-many-wild-animals-are-there/) - [Should We Intervene in Nature?](https://reducing-suffering.org/should-we-intervene-in-nature/) - [How Much Direct Suffering Is Caused by Various Animal Foods?](https://reducing-suffering.org/how-much-direct-suffering-is-caused-by-various-animal-foods/) - [The Horror of Suffering](https://reducing-suffering.org/the-horror-of-suffering/) - [EU Animals in Science and ALURES](https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/chemicals/animals-science/statistics-and-non-technical-project-summaries_en): The European Commission’s transparency system for animals used in scientific procedures. It reports species, numbers, purposes, origins, genetic status, and the severity assigned to procedures across EU member states and Norway. Tags: Animal research, Scale and statistics, Suffering - [ALURES dataset export](https://environmental-data.ec.europa.eu/alures/datasets.html) - [Animal-use and severity statistics (CSV)](https://publicstorage.data.env.service.ec.europa.eu/alures/export/statistics/alures_statistics_data_published.csv) - [Project summaries, harms, and refinements (CSV)](https://publicstorage.data.env.service.ec.europa.eu/alures/export/nts/alures_nts_projects.csv) - [EURL ECVAM](https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities/reference-and-measurement/european-union-reference-laboratories/eu-reference-laboratory-alternatives-animal-testing-eurl-ecvam_en): The European Union reference laboratory for validating non-animal methods and reducing animal testing. Tags: Animal research, Law - [2025 status report](https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC145459) - [FAOSTAT and fisheries statistics](https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data): The primary international source for country-reported livestock, slaughter, fisheries, and aquaculture statistics. Many later estimates begin with FAO records, including attempts to convert aquatic-animal tonnage into individual animals. Tags: Scale and statistics, Farmed animals, Aquatic animals - [FAOSTAT bulk-download manifest (JSON)](https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/datasets_E.json) - [Crops and livestock production (CSV ZIP)](https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip) - [Global fisheries and aquaculture production, 2026 release (CSV ZIP)](https://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Data/GlobalProduction_2026.1.0.zip) - [Farm Animal Welfare newsletter](https://farmanimalwelfare.substack.com/): Lewis Bollard's continuously updated account of farmed-animal welfare research, funding, and policy. Tags: Farmed animals, Economics, Law - [The protein problem](https://farmanimalwelfare.substack.com/p/the-protein-problem) - [Faunalytics research library](https://faunalytics.org/?s=&post_type=post&orderby=post_date&order=desc&explore=true): A large, continually updated collection of research summaries and original studies. It spans animals used for food and science, wild and companion animals, public attitudes, and the effectiveness of attempts to help animals. Tags: Farmed animals, Wild animals, Speciesism - [Fundamentals](https://faunalytics.org/fundamentals/) - [Faunalytics studies](https://faunalytics.org/research/) - [Fish Welfare Initiative](https://www.fishwelfareinitiative.org/): Fish Welfare Initiative publishes research and field reports from programs designed to improve welfare in aquaculture. Tags: Aquatic animals, Farmed animals, Welfare measurement - [Blog](https://www.fishwelfareinitiative.org/blog) - [Research and development](https://www.fishwelfareinitiative.org/blog/tags/r-d) - [Fishcount](https://fishcount.org.uk/): Fishcount estimates the numbers of individual fish caught from the wild and produced in aquaculture. It converts tonnage into animal counts and documents welfare problems during capture, transport, and slaughter. Tags: Aquatic animals, Scale and statistics, Suffering - [Wild-caught fish estimates](https://fishcount.org.uk/fish-count-estimates-2/numbers-of-fish-caught-from-the-wild-each-year) - [Farmed fish estimates](https://fishcount.org.uk/fish-count-estimates-2/numbers-of-farmed-fish-slaughtered-each-year) - [Food Impacts](https://foodimpacts.org/): An interactive ranking comparing animal foods by estimated welfare, health, and climate impacts, with methods and sources. Tags: Farmed animals, Welfare measurement, Scale and statistics - [Methods](https://foodimpacts.org/methods) - [Frontiers in Veterinary Science — Animal Behavior and Welfare](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/sections/animal-behavior-and-welfare): Large peer-reviewed open-access section with species-specific empirical work. Tags: Welfare measurement, Positive welfare - [The welfare of farmed Nile tilapia — husbandry review (2025)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12089788/) - [Good Thoughts](https://www.goodthoughts.blog/): A philosophy blog presenting consequentialist arguments about animal ethics and other questions in moral philosophy. Tags: Ethics, Suffering - [Review of Animal Liberation Now](https://www.goodthoughts.blog/p/review-of-animal-liberation-now) - [Meat Externalities](https://www.goodthoughts.blog/p/meat-externalities) - [Insect Welfare Research Society](https://www.insectwelfare.com/research-library): Scientific resources on insect sentience, farming, and welfare methods, including research guidelines and a Zotero bibliography covering insects and other neglected invertebrates. Also selected here: a separate SEI report critically examining insect farming in high-income countries, including welfare risks and what insect protein replaces. Tags: Invertebrates, Sentience, Farmed animals - [Insect welfare research library on Zotero](https://www.zotero.org/groups/4992895/insectwelfare/library) - [Research guidelines](https://www.insectwelfare.com/research-guidelines) - [External resources](https://www.insectwelfare.com/non-iwrs-resources) - [Related SEI report: Rethinking insects as alternative protein (2026)](https://www.sei.org/publications/rethinking-insects-as-alternative-protein-emerging-environmental-and-animal-welfare-considerations/) - [Rethinking insects as alternative protein — full report (PDF)](https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/rethinking-insect-farming.pdf) - [Inside Animal Ag](https://insideanimalag.org/): A research-based guide to the structure and effects of U.S. factory farming. Its linked subject guides cover animal numbers and treatment alongside slaughterhouses, industry structure, workers, public health, government, land, water, climate, and biodiversity. Tags: Farmed animals, Suffering - [Content guide](https://insideanimalag.org/content-guide/) - [Jeff Sebo](https://jeffsebo.net/research/): Work on animals, moral status, global health, and how emerging technologies may affect nonhuman beings. Tags: Ethics, Sentience, Future welfare - [Everything and nothing is conscious: default assumptions in science and ethics](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1700354/full) - [Wild Animal Welfare in Local Policies](https://guarinicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Wild-Animal-Welfare-in-Local-Policies-Policy-Brief.pdf) - [Animals and Climate Change (course syllabus)](https://jeffsebo.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/animals-and-climate-change.pdf) - [Animals and Public Health (course syllabus)](https://jeffsebo.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/animals-and-public-health-ethics.pdf) - [Josh Milburn](https://josh-milburn.com/publications/): Work spanning animal ethics, cultivated meat, political theory, and duties toward different kinds of animals. Tags: Ethics, Farmed animals - [What We Owe to Animals](https://www.persuasion.community/p/what-we-owe-to-animals) - [The Virtues of Cultivated Meat](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-025-09967-z) - [Magnus Vinding](https://magnusvinding.com/): Essays and free books on suffering-focused ethics, speciesism, wild-animal suffering, and reducing extreme suffering. Tags: Suffering, Speciesism, Wild animals, Future welfare - [Ten Biases Against Prioritizing Wild-Animal Suffering](https://magnusvinding.com/2020/07/02/ten-biases-against-prioritizing-wild-animal-suffering/) - [Underappreciated consequentialist reasons to avoid consuming animal products](https://magnusvinding.com/2020/10/03/underappreciated-consequentialist-reasons/) - [Manu Herrán](https://manuherran.com/): English and Spanish essays on sentience, reducing suffering, suffering-focused ethics, and suffering in nature. Tags: Sentience, Suffering, Wild animals - [Is there more suffering than enjoyment in nature?](https://manuherran.com/is-there-more-suffering-than-enjoyment-in-nature/) - [Understanding sentience](https://manuherran.com/tag/understanding-sentience/) - [Marina Bolotnikova](https://mbolotnikova.substack.com/): Independent reporting and analysis on animal welfare, factory farming, and public policy. Tags: Farmed animals, Ethics, Law - [Massey Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre](https://www.massey.ac.nz/research/research-centres/animal-welfare-science-and-bioethics-centre/): The institutional home of the Five Domains Model and research linking animals' physical conditions to their mental experiences. Tags: Welfare measurement, Positive welfare, Suffering - [The agency domain and behavioral interactions: assessing positive animal welfare using the Five Domains Model](https://mro.massey.ac.nz/items/971a640e-1752-495f-b821-7e2e44704b17) - [Moral Circulation](https://ourexpandingcircle.substack.com/): A focused applied-ethics publication with animal welfare as its main recurring subject. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism - [Distance from suffering in animal ethics](https://ourexpandingcircle.substack.com/p/distance-from-suffering-in-animal) - [Moral Law Within](https://morallawwithin.substack.com/): A moral-philosophy newsletter whose case for veganism develops a deontological argument grounded in duties rather than consequences. Tags: Ethics, Farmed animals - [A general case for veganism](https://morallawwithin.substack.com/p/a-general-case-for-veganism) - [Non-factory farming is still profoundly wrong](https://morallawwithin.substack.com/p/non-factory-farming-is-still-profoundly) - [How to support animals and still eat meat](https://morallawwithin.substack.com/p/how-to-support-animals-and-still) - [NC3Rs](https://nc3rs.org.uk/3rs-resources): Extensive practical and research material on replacing, reducing, and refining animal use in science. Tags: Animal research, Welfare measurement - [Grimace scales for recognizing pain](https://nc3rs.org.uk/3rs-resources/grimace-scales) - [New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness](https://sites.google.com/nyu.edu/nydeclaration/): A concise statement of scientific agreement. It reports strong support for conscious experience in mammals and birds, and at least a realistic possibility in all vertebrates and many invertebrates, including insects, cephalopods, and decapod crustaceans. Tags: Sentience, Invertebrates - [Declaration](https://sites.google.com/nyu.edu/nydeclaration/declaration) - [Background](https://sites.google.com/nyu.edu/nydeclaration/background) - [Nonhuman Rights Project](https://www.nonhumanrights.org/): Essays, case histories, and legal arguments about nonhuman personhood, liberty, and the treatment of captive animals. Tags: Law, Ethics, Sentience - [Blog](https://www.nonhumanrights.org/blog/) - [Tommy's case](https://www.nonhumanrights.org/client/tommy/) - [Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics](https://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/what-we-do/commentary/): An independent academic center publishing commentary and scholarship on animal ethics from philosophical, theological, legal, and policy perspectives. Tags: Ethics, Speciesism - [The Ethics of Rewilding](https://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/what-we-do/commentary/the-ethics-of-rewilding/) - [Seeing Creatures through God’s Eyes](https://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/what-we-do/commentary/seeing-creatures-through-gods-eyes/) - [PREPARE Guidelines](https://norecopa.no/prepare): Detailed planning guidance for animal experiments covering welfare, design, facilities, and reproducibility. Tags: Animal research, Ethics - [PREPARE checklist](https://norecopa.no/prepare/prepare-checklist) - [Rethink Priorities — Animal Welfare](https://rethinkpriorities.org/our-research-areas/animal-welfare/): Original research on welfare measurement, moral weights, and the welfare of farmed fish, shrimp, insects, and other invertebrates. Tags: Welfare measurement, Invertebrates, Sentience, Ethics - [Insects raised for food and feed (2020 report)](https://rethinkpriorities.org/research-area/insects-raised-for-food-and-feed/) - [Understanding welfare capacities](https://rethinkpriorities.org/impact-area/broadening-our-moral-circles-understanding-welfare-capacities/) - [RSPCA Welfare Standards](https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/standards): Detailed species-specific welfare standards, including standards for farmed fish. Tags: Farmed animals, Aquatic animals, Positive welfare - [Farmed Atlantic salmon standards (PDF)](https://science.rspca.org.uk/documents/d/science/rspca_welfare_standards_for_farmed_atlantic_salmon) - [Scientific justifications for salmon standards (PDF)](https://science.rspca.org.uk/documents/d/science/salmon-standards-justification-2024) - [Sentience Institute](https://www.sentienceinstitute.org/research): Research on moral-circle expansion and social change. Its animal-focused work studies how institutions and public attitudes have changed toward farmed animals, and why moral concern reaches some beings while excluding others. Tags: Speciesism, Ethics, Farmed animals - [Animals, Food, and Technology survey — reports and data, 2017–2025](https://www.sentienceinstitute.org/aft-survey) - [Sentient Media](https://sentientmedia.org/): Independent reporting and explainers on factory farming, fisheries, animal welfare, food systems, climate, health, and policy. It combines current investigations with accessible background pieces on how animal industries operate. Tags: Farmed animals, Aquatic animals, Law - [Sentientism](https://sentientism.info/what-is-sentientism/an-overview): Develops a general ethical framework centered on evidence and sentient experience, not only conventional animal advocacy. Tags: Ethics, Sentience, Speciesism - [Articles](https://sentientism.info/resources/articles) - [Shrimp Welfare Project](https://www.shrimpwelfareproject.org/research): Research and field reports on improving farmed-shrimp welfare through electrical stunning and work with producers and retailers. Tags: Invertebrates, Aquatic animals, Farmed animals, Suffering - [Shrimp welfare report](https://www.shrimpwelfareproject.org/shrimp-welfare-report) - [Humane stunning white paper](https://www.shrimpwelfareproject.org/humane-stunning-white-paper) - [Shrimp welfare index](https://www.shrimpwelfareproject.org/shrimp-welfare-index) - [Simon Knutsson](https://www.simonknutsson.com/): Philosophy on suffering-focused ethics, population ethics, and the welfare of insects and other beings. Tags: Suffering, Invertebrates, Ethics - [How Good or Bad Is the Life of an Insect?](https://www.simonknutsson.com/how-good-or-bad-is-the-life-of-an-insect) - [Introduction to suffering-focused ethics](https://www.simonknutsson.com/introduction-to-suffering-focused-ethics/) - [Socrethics](https://www.socrethics.com/): Long essays by Bruno Contestabile on the evolution and prevalence of suffering, negative utilitarianism, population ethics, and Buddhist philosophy. Tags: Suffering, Sentience, Ethics - [The Biological Evolution of Pain](https://www.socrethics.com/Folder2/Biology.htm) - [The Cultural Evolution of Suffering](https://www.socrethics.com/Folder2/Culture.htm) - [Is There a Predominance of Suffering?](https://www.socrethics.com/Folder2/Prevalence-of-Suffering.htm) - [The Case Against Octopus Farming](https://issues.org/the-case-against-octopus-farming/): Jennifer Jacquet, Becca Franks, Peter Godfrey-Smith, and Walter Sánchez-Suárez examine the welfare and environmental implications of farming octopuses. They discuss cognitive stimulation, confinement, aggression, disease, and feed-fish harms, arguing that solving environmental problems alone would not resolve the ethical objections. Tags: Aquatic animals, Invertebrates, Ethics, Suffering - [The Hedonistic Imperative](https://www.hedweb.com/): David Pearce’s long-running argument that biotechnology could eventually replace suffering with gradients of well-being in humans and nonhuman animals. The archive connects genetics, consciousness, animal ethics, and the future redesign of ecosystems. Tags: Suffering, Future welfare, Positive welfare, Ethics - [The Abolitionist Project](https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/index.html) - [The Psychology of Cows](https://www.animalbehaviorandcognition.org/article.php?id=1110): Lori Marino and Kristin Allen review cattle learning, emotions, personalities, and social relationships. They examine how calves and adult cows respond to separation, isolation, handling, and opportunities for social contact, drawing on comparative psychology and agricultural research. Tags: Farmed animals, Sentience, Positive welfare - [The Psychology of Cows: full article (PDF)](https://www.animalbehaviorandcognition.org/uploads/journals/17/AB%26C_2017_Vol4%284%29_Marino_Allen.pdf) - [Timeline of wild-animal suffering](https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_wild-animal_suffering): A sourced timeline of ideas, writing, organizations, and events in the history of concern for wild-animal suffering. Tags: Wild animals, Ethics - [Welfare Footprint Institute](https://welfarefootprint.org/): A framework for comparing welfare through the intensity and duration of negative experiences and the number of animals affected. Its applied studies estimate cumulative time spent in pain under different production systems. Tags: Welfare measurement, Suffering, Farmed animals - [Welfare Footprint Framework](https://welfarefootprint.org/framework) - [Technical definitions (including Pain-Track)](https://welfarefootprint.org/technical-definitions) - [Laying hen mortality in different indoor housing systems: a meta-analysis](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7862694/) - [What Is It Like to Be a Bass?](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9094623/): Mason and Lavery examine which behaviors distinguish conscious experience from unconscious responses to harm, propose stronger tests of sentience, and explain why uncertainty is compatible with precautionary protection of fish. Tags: Sentience, Aquatic animals, Welfare measurement, Ethics - [Correction: Braithwaite's research leadership](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9209778/) - [Wild Animal Initiative](https://www.wildanimalinitiative.org/research): A research organization focused on the welfare of free-living animals. Its work develops field methods, reviews welfare-relevant ecology, maps research priorities, and supports the growth of wild-animal welfare science. Tags: Wild animals, Welfare measurement, Positive welfare - [Research library](https://www.wildanimalinitiative.org/library) - [Wild Animal Suffering](https://wildanimalsuffering.org/): An illustrated introduction to the causes, scale, and moral importance of suffering among wild animals. Tags: Wild animals, Suffering, Scale and statistics - [Wild Animal Welfare Committee](https://www.wawcommittee.org/): An independent UK committee examining the welfare of free-living animals affected by human activity. Its publications show how welfare evidence can change decisions about wildlife management, conservation, conflict, and population control. Tags: Wild animals, Welfare measurement, Law - [Welfare needs to be part of sustainable fishing](https://www.wawcommittee.org/news/welfare-needs-to-be-part-of-sustainable-fishing) - [News and commentary](https://www.wawcommittee.org/news) - [Wild animal welfare: a bibliography](https://stafforini.com/notes/wild-animal-welfare-a-bibliography/): A bibliography of philosophical and scientific writing on wild-animal welfare, predation, and intervention in nature. The selected essays argue for taking naturally caused suffering seriously; Moen also considers speculative population-reduction proposals, not recommendations for immediate intervention. Tags: Wild animals, Ethics - [The Ethics of Wild Animal Suffering — Ole Martin Moen (CC BY 4.0; PDF)](https://www.olemartinmoen.com/wp-content/uploads/TheEthicsofWildAnimalSuffering.pdf) - [The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering — Brian Tomasik](https://longtermrisk.org/research/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering/) ## License Original annotations and site prose: CC BY 4.0. Catalog metadata: CC0 1.0. Linked works remain under their source terms.